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With this study the cattle guard joins the sod house, the windmill, and barbed wire as a symbol of range country on the American Great Plains. A U.S. folk innovation now in use throughout the world, the cattle guard functions as both a gate and a fence: it keeps livestock from crossing, but allows automobiles and people to cross freely. The author blends traditional history and folklore to trace the origins of the cattle guard and to describe how, in true folk fashion, the device in its simplest form—wooden poles or logs spaced in parallel fashion over a pit in the roadway—was reinvented and adapted throughout livestock country.Hoy traces the origins of the cattle guard to flat stone stiles unique to Cornwall, England, then through the railroad cattle guard, in use in this country as early as 1836, and finally to the Great Plains where, probably in 1905, the first ones appeared on roads. He describes regional variations in cattle guards and details unusual types. He provides information on cattleguard makers, who range from local blacksmiths and welders to farmers and ranchers to large manufacturers.In addition to documenting the economic and cultural significance of the cattle guard, this volume reveals much about early twentiethcentury farm and ranch life. It will be of interest not only to folklorists and historians of agriculture and Western America, but also to many Plainsarea farmers, ranchers, and oilmen.

Rural communities

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computer applications --- computer applications --- Rural communities --- Rural communities --- Etude des besoins --- France --- France

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Management by objectives --- Management by objectives --- budgets --- budgets --- Rural communities --- Rural communities --- financing --- financing --- Wallonie

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Rural spaces are connected with different cultural, economic, social and political codes and meanings. In this book these meanings are analysed trough gender. The articles concretely show the process of producing gender and the ways in which accepted gender-based behaviour has been constructed at different times and in different groups. Discussion of gendered spaces leads to wider questions such as power relations and displacement in society. The changing rural processes are analysed on the micro level, and the focus is set on how these changes affect people’s everyday lives. Answers are looked for questions like how are individuals responding to these changes? What are their strategies, solutions and tactics? How have they experienced the change process?

Collected biographies --- Humanities --- Rural communities --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Education

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Towns --- Towns --- Sewerage --- Sewerage --- Villages --- Villages --- Rural communities --- Rural communities --- Agglomerating --- Agglomerating --- Rural areas --- Rural areas --- Agglomeration urbain --- Agglomeration rurale